Table 2
Various biological activities of sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus component

Activities

Extraction methods

Active compounds

Color

Ref.

α-Glucosidase

Organic solvent (80% MeOH)

n-Hexane fraction (Unsaturated fatty acids)

(Nguyen et al. 2011)

Anti-coagulation

Hydrolysis (Diastase vera)

Glycosaminoglycan

(Yang et al. 2015b)

Hydrolysis (Diastase vera)

Glycosaminoglycan

(Yang et al. 2015a)

Anti-cancer

Acid mucopolysaccharide

(Lu et al. 2010)

Organic solvent (80% EtOH)

CH2Cl2/EtOAc fraction

Red

(Park et al. 2011)

Organic solvent (70% EtOH)

Extracts

(Kim et al. 2017)

Anti-fungal activity

Organic solvent (60% EtOH)

n-BuoH fraction (Nortriterpene/triterpene glycosides)

(Wang et al. 2012)

Anti-hyperlipidemic activity

Hydrolysis (Papain)

Polysaccharide

(Liu et al. 2012b)

Anti-inflammation

Organic solvent (MeOH)

EtOAc fraction

(Himaya et al. 2010)

Organic solvent (80% EtOH)

EtOAc fraction

Red

(Park et al. 2011)

Anti-melanogenesis

Organic solvent (80% EtOH)

EtOAc fraction

Red

(Yoon et al. 2010)

Water/70% EtOH

Adenosine/ethyl-α-D-glucopyranoside

(Husni et al. 2011)

Organic solvent (65% EtOH)

Extracts

Red

(Oh et al. 2017)

Anti-osteoclastogenesis

Chloroform/methanol

Fucan sulfates

(Kariya et al. 2004)

Anti-oxidation

Water/70% EtOH

Crude saponin

(Husni et al. 2009)

Hydrolysis (Flavourzyme)

Gelatin

(Wang et al. 2010)

Hydrolysis (Trypsin)

Peptide

(Zhou et al. 2012)

Hydrolysis (Pepsin)

Collagen

(Zhu et al. 2012)

Hydrolysis (Papain)

Polysaccharide

(Lui et al., 2012b)

McIIvaines buffer

Peptide

(Zheng et al. 2012)

Immunomodulatory effect

Acid mucopolysaccharide

(Song et al. 2013)

Water

Protein-sulfated fucan complex

(Cao et al. 2017)

Proliferative effect

Hydrolysis (Pepsin/trypsin)

Polysaccharide

(Zhang et al. 2010b)

Hydrolysis (Pepsin/trypsin)

Polysaccharide

(Sheng et al. 2011)

Hydrolysis (Pepsin)

Collagen

Red

(Park et al. 2012)

Neural related activities

Hydrolysis (Pepsin/trypsin)

Polysaccharide

(Cui et al. 2016c)

Organic solvent (CHCl3/MeOH)

Ganglioside

(Kaneko et al. 2003)

Hydrolysis (Pepsin/trypsin)

Polysaccharide

(Cui et al. 2016a)

Hydrolysis (Pepsin/trypsin)

Polysaccharide

(Sheng et al. 2012)

Hydrolysis (Pepsin/trypsin)

Polysaccharide

(Zhang et al. 2010a)

Hydrolysis (Pepsin/trypsin)

Polysaccharide/fucoidan/Heparin

(Cui et al. 2016b)

Hydrolysis (Pepsin/trypsin)

Polysaccharide

(Cui et al. 2015)

Hydrolysis (Protease N Amano G)

Chondroitin sulfate

(Shida et al. 2017)