| Apostichopus japonicus | Protein hydrolyzate | Downregulate (reactive oxygen species) level in Caenorhabditis elegans under increased oxidative stress induced by paraqua | Antioxidant | Guo et al., 2020 |
| Cucumaria frondosa | Crude phenol fraction | Inhibited cupric ion-induced human low-density lipoprotein peroxidation | Antioxidant | Hossain et al., 2022b |
| Holothuria leucospilota | Hydrolyzed protein (molecular weight of < 30-KDa) | DPPH-free radical inhibition | Antioxidant | Safari & Yaghoubzadeh, 2020 |
| Sea cucumber name not mentioned by the authors | Crude polysaccharides | DPPH∙, ∙OH scavenging ability and ferric reducing/antioxidant power | Antioxidant | Wang et al., 2022a |
| Sea cucumber name not mentioned by the authors | Peptide | Iron chelating activity | Antioxidant | Fan et al., 2023 |
| Stichopus chloronotus | Fucoidan | This novel fucoidan significantly reduced lipid peroxidation | Antioxidant | Li et al., 2020b |
| Holothuria leucospilota | Diethyl ether extract of body wall | Via mitigating the replication potential of human immunodeficiency virus-1 | Antiviral | Bahroudi et al., 2018 |
| Isostichopus badionotus | Sulfated fucan and fucosylated chondroitin sulfate | Antiviral properties against adenovirus and human cytomegalo via blocking virusviral attachment and entry | Antiviral | Zoepfl et al., 2021 |
| Patallus mollis | Sulfated glycans | Antiviral effect on human rotavirus | Antiviral | Garcia-Candela et al., 2021 |
| Thelenota ananas | N-acetylgalactosamine, glucuronic acid, fucose, and ester sulfate in 1:1:1:3.7 | Bind with the S glycoprotein to prevent SARS-CoV-2 host cell entry | Antiviral | Song et al., 2020 |
| Holothuria atra | Coumaric acid, catechins, chlorogenic acid, rutin, pyrogallol, and ascorbic acid | Hepatoprotective activity against thioacetamide-induced liver fibrosis in rats | Hepatoprotective | Esmat et al., 2013 |
| H. atra | Phosphate buffer extract also | Hepatoprotective effect in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced hepatorenal diseases in rats | Hepatoprotective | Dakrory et al., 2015 |
| Holothuria scabra | Eicosapentaenoic acid-enriched ether-phospholipids | Prtect paracetamol-induced liver damage in mouse model | Hepatoprotective | Wang et al., 2022c |
| Cucumaria frondosa | Hydrolysates of gonads | Improving insulin resistance and lipid metabolism | Antidiabatic | Wang et al., 2022b |
| Holothuria leucospilota | Polysaccharide | Alleviate the symptoms of T2DM in Goto-Kakizaki rats | Antidiabatic | Zhao et al., 2020 |
| Holothuria nobilis | Hydrolysates | Protective effect in streptozotocin and high-fat-diet induced diabetic rats via activating the PI3K/Akt pathway | Antidiabatic | Wang et al., 2020 |
| Stichopus japonica | Proteins | Improve glucose uptake of 3 T3-L1 cells and high insulin-induced insulin-resistant Hep G2 cells | Antidiabatic | Gong et al., 2020 |
| Thelenota ananas, Cucumaria frondosa | Fucosylated chondroitin sulfate | Activate IRS/PI3K/AKT signaling and regulating GSK-3β gene expression in T2DM rats | Antidiabatic | Zhu et al., 2020 |