Table 1. Summary of methods used to reduce sea turtle interactions introduced by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Guidelines to Reduce Sea Turtle Mortality in Fishing Operation

1. Fishing gear designs and fishing method
Gill net - Lower-profile (narrower), stiffer nets- Deeper setting for surface gillnet fisheries- Use longer tie-downs of avoid their use in demersal gillnets- Avoid exceeding a maximum threshold for mesh size
Pelagic longline - Replacement of J and tuna hooks with large (wider) circle hooks1)- Use of whole fish instead of squid for bait1)- Setting hooks deeper than turtle abundant depths (40–100 m)- Use of dyed bait/camouflaged gear- Reduced gear soak time- Avoidance of fishing in certain sea surface temperature- Use of intermittent flashing light sticks in place of traditional continuous flashing light sticks and not using luminous gear
Coastal Trawl - Turtle excluder devices (TEDs) for shrimp fisheries
Purse seine - Avoidance of encircling sea turtles- Modified designs for fish aggregating devices (FAD)
Demersal longline None
2. Sea turtle bycatch hotspot avoidance
- Time-area closures/marine protected areas (MPAs)- Fleet communication for real-time bycatch hotspot avoidance
3. Adjust input and/or output controls
- (Input) Fishing effort and capacity limits- (Output) Sea turtle caps and/or target specie caps per fishery or per vessel
4. Other measures
- Bycatch fees and other methods of compensation- Avoidance and reduction of derelict fishing gear and other marine debris- Retrieval of derelict fishing gear and other debris- Consideration of effects on other sensitive species groups- Changing gear type to one with a lower turtle bycatch to target catch ratio
5. Best practices for sea turtle handling and release
a) Retrieving a sea turtle: Assess the turtle’s size, then release it or bring in on board. (Large turtle) Bring it as close to the boat as possible without putting too much strain on the line, then cut the line as close to the turtles as practical. (Small turtle) Use a dip net to lift it on board. DO NOT use a gaff and DO NOT pull on the line or grasp the eye sockets to bring the animal on board.
b) De-hooking a sea turtle: Place a piece of wood in the turtle’s mouth so it cannot bite, then cut the hook or line. If the hook’s barb is visible, use bolt cutters to cut the hook in half, and remove the two parts separately. If the hook is not visible, remove as much line as possible without pulling too hard on the line, and cut it as close to the turtle as practical.
Among the measures in the pelagic longline, the marked measures are being voluntarily taken by Korean tuna longline fishery.