Table 3. Effects of marine bioactive substances against periodontitis through clinical studies

Publication year Kind of sample Sample Kind of source Organisms Patient Outcomes Ref
2020 Compound Omega-3 fatty acids Unknown Unknown Periodontitis patient(n = 1, female) No changes in systemic parameters↓ BoP, CAL, PD, and PI↓ Concentration of IFN-γ, IL-1β, and IL-6 in gingival crevicular fluid dos Santos et al., 2020
2020 Compound Omega-3 fatty acids Unknown Unknown Periodontitis patients(n = 30, both) No adverse events↓ BoP, CAL, PD, and REC↓ Concentration of IL-8 and IL-17↑Concentration of IL-10↑Release of CCL4, CCL5, CCL15, CCL25 and CX3CL1 ↓ Release of CCL21, CCL26, CCL27, CXCL1, CXCL10 and CXCL16↑Concentration of FGF2 and G-CSF Stańdo et al., 2020
2020 Compound Omega-3 fatty acids Unknown Unknown Patients with chronic generalised moderate periodontitis (n = 76, both) ↓ PPD, CAL, and GI Kujur et al., 2020
2021 Application Chitosan brush Unknown Unknown Patients undergoing fixed orthodontic therapy (n = 20, both) No adverse events↓ Plaque bacterial count Poornima et al., 2021
2021 Application COL-loaded composite Chordata Unknown Periodontitis patients (n = 40, both) ↓ PI, GI, PPD, and CAL↓ Radiographic defect depth Deshpande et al., 2021
2021 Compound Alfalife Unknown Unknown Periodontitis patients (n = 24, both) ↓ BoP, CAL, and PD Murgia & Aspriello, 2021
2022 Application Chitosan brush Unknown Unknown Patients with stage III and IV, grade B periodontitis (n = 78, both) No adverse event↓ BoP and PPD Hussain et al., 2022
2022 Extract Alflutop® treatment after SRP Chordata Engraulis encrassicholus ponticus, Sprattus sprattus sprattus, & Rizeafca nordmanni Periodontitis patients (n = 88, both) No side effects↓ GI of the score 2 patients↓ PBI of the score 1 patients↓ Pathological TM of the score 1 patients↓ Degree of TM and PD Pușcașu et al., 2022
BoP, bleeding on probing; CAL, clinical attachment level; PD, probing depth; PI, plaque index; IL, interleukin; REC, gingival recession; CCL, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand; CX3CL, chemokine (C-X3-C motif) ligand; CXCL, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand; FGF, fibroblast growth factor; G-CSF, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor; PPD, probing pocket depth; GI, gingival index; SRP, scaling, root planning, and debridement; PBI, papilla bleeding index; TM, tooth mobility.