Table 3. Anti-inflammatory properties reported from sea cucumbers

Name Major bioactive compound Method used Mechanisms Reference
Apostichopus japonicus Protein hydrolysates Zebrafish model Inhibition of inflammation-associated leukocyte recruitment Zhang et al., 2021
Cucumaria frondose Sterol sulfate RT-qPCR Pro-inflammatory cytokine inhibition Zhang et al., 2020
Holothuria arguinensis Crude extracts COX-2 inhibitory assay COX-2 inhibition Carletti et al., 2022
Holothuria leucospilota Methanol extract RAT Hind paw edema Moradi et al., 2020
H. leucospilota Methanol extract BLAB/C mice model COX-2 inhibition Sasongko et al., 2020
Holothuria scabra Crude ethyl acetate extract Cell culture NF-κB and JNK inhibition Pranweerapaiboon et al., 2020
Isostichopus badionotus Glycosaminoglycan-rich fraction Male CD1 and C57Bl/6 Down-regulate TPA-induced inflammatory responses Olivera-Castillo et al., 2020
Stichopus japonicus Major yolk protein C57BL/6J male mice Prevents tissue damage, diminished occult diarrhea and bleeding Feng et al., 2022
RT-qPCR, quantitative reverse transcription real time polymerase chain reaction; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; TAP, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate.