Table 2. Bioactive compounds isolated from frog skin

Group Subgroups Compounds Species Amount (nmol) Origin References
Alkaloid Fatty acids IndolizidinesPiperidinesPumiliotoxinsPyrrolizidinesQuinolizidinesTricyclic Melano phryniscus - Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay (Daly et al., 1984; Daly et al., 2004; Rodríguez et al., 2011)
Guanidine Chiriquitoxin Atelopus limosus - Panama (Yotsu-Yamashita & Tateki, 2010)
Saxitoxin Atelopus varius - Peru (Yotsu-Yamashita et al., 2004)
Tetrodotoxin Atelopus ignescens - Ecuador (Yotsu-Yamashita et al., 1992)
Atelopus peruensis - Peru (Mebs et al., 1995)
Atelopus spurrelli - Colombia (Yotsu-Yamashita & Tateki, 2010)
A. varius - Peru (Yotsu-Yamashita & Tateki, 2010)
Atelopus oxyrhynchus - Venezuela (Mebs & Schmidt, 1989, Yotsu-Yamashita et al., 1992)
Atelopus subornatus - Colombia (Mebs et al., 1995)
Atelopus limosus - Ecuador (Yotsu-Yamashita & Tateki, 2010)
Zetekitoxin ABZetekitoxin-C Atelopus zeteki - Panama (Brown et al., 1977; Yotsu-Yamashita et al., 2004)
Bombesin Bombesin-LSBombesin-14 Bombina orientalis - Korea (Park et al., 1989)
Bombesin H1Bombesin H2Bombesin H3Bombesin H4 Bombina maxima - China (Lai et al., 2002)
BR-Bombesin Boana raniceps - Argentina (de Sousa et al., 2022)
PR-Bombesin B. maxima - Asian (Li et al., 2006)
Brevinin Brevinin 1 Brevinin-1P Odorrana schmacker - China (Chen et al., 2006)
Brevinin-1S Odorrana versabilis - China (Chen et al., 2006)
Brevinin-1V Pelophylax plancyi fukienensis - China (Chen et al., 2006)
Brevinin-1E Rana esculenta - China (Kumari & Nagaraj, 2001)
Brevinin-1CBa Lithobates catesbeianus - Canada (Mechkarska et al., 2011)
Brevinin-1CBb L. catesbeianus 165 Canada (Mechkarska et al., 2011)
Brevinin-1Lb Rana luteiventris 45 Colombia (Goraya et al., 2000)
Brevinin-1Ba Rana berlandieri 4 (Goraya et al., 2000)
Brevinin-1Bb R. berlandieri 15 America (Goraya et al., 2000)
Brevinin-1Bc R. berlandieri 8 America (Goraya et al., 2000)
Brevinin-1Bd R. berlandieri 28 America (Goraya et al., 2000)
Brevinin-1Be R. berlandieri 12 America (Goraya et al., 2000)
Brevinin-1Bf R. berlandieri 9 America (Goraya et al., 2000)
Brevinin-1Pa Rana pipiens 1,050 Canada (Goraya et al., 2000)
Brevinin-1Pb R. pipiens 1,110 Canada (Goraya et al., 2000)
Brevinin-1Pc R. pipiens 64 Canada (Goraya et al., 2000)
Brevinin-1Pd R. pipiens 315 Canada (Goraya et al., 2000)
Brevinin-1SaBrevinin-1Sb R. berlandieri - America (Conlon et al., 2004b)
Brevinin-1Sc R. pipiens - Canada (Conlon et al., 2004b)
Brevinin-1LTaBrevinin-1LTb Hylarana latouchi - China (Wang et al., 2009)
Brevinin1RTaBrevinin1RTbBrevinin-1RTc Amolops rickettii - China, Vietnam (Wang et al., 2012)
Brevinin 2 Brevinin-2R Rana ridibunda - Europe (Ghavami et al., 2008)
Brevinin-2GUb Hylarana guntheri - China (Conlon et al., 2008a)
Brevinin-2(B2RP) Lithobates septentrionalis - America (Abdel-Wahab et al., 2010)
Brevinin-2RTaBrevinin-2RTb A. rickettii - China, Vietnam (Wang et al., 2012)
Brevinin-2PRa Rana pirica 680 Japan (Conlon et al., 2004a)
Magainin Magainin 1Magainin 2 Xenopus laevis - Nigieria, Africa (Edelstein et al., 1991; Lai et al., 2002)
Magainin AMagainin G B. maximaBombina variegata - China, Germany (Balboni et al., 1992; Edelstein et al., 1991; Lai et al., 2002; Ohsaki et al., 1992)
Other compounds Adenoregulin Dermaseptin IDermaseptin BDermatoxinPhylloseptins Phyllomedusa - South America (Amiche et al., 1993; Amiche et al., 2000; Brand et al., 2002; Leite et al., 2005; Mor & Nicolas, 1994)
Bomesin B. variegata - Europe (Marenah et al., 2004b)
Cruzioseptin-16Cruzioseptin-17 Cruziohyla calcarifer - Costa Rica (Sousa et al., 2009)
DermorphinSauvagineDermaseptin I Phyllomedusa sauvagei - South America (Montecucchi et al., 1981; Mor & Nicolas, 1994)
Esculentin-1 Odrrana hossi - Japan (Conlon et al., 2008b)
Esculentin-1a Rana areolata 395 America (Di Grazia et al., 2015)
Esculentin-2Nigrocin-2 Hylarana pictureurata - Malaysia (Conlon et al., 2008b)
Esculentin-1Temporin-1Palustrin-2Palustrin-3Ranatuerin-2 R. areolata - United States (Ali et al., 2002)
Esculentin-2P Octadecapeptidep-LRRanateurin-2P R. pipiens - Canada (Chinchar et al., 2001; Manika et al., 1998)
Gaegurins Rugosins Rana rugosa - Japan (Park et al., 1994, Suzuki et al., 1995)
Japonicin-1Japonicin-2Temporin-1Ja Rana japonic - Japan (Isaacson et al., 2002)
Maculatin 1.1Naculatin Litoria genimaculata - Australia (Rozek et al., 1998)
Nigrocin 1Nigrocin 2 Rana nigromaculata - East Asia (Park et al., 2001)
Ocellatin-1Ocellatin-4 Leptodactylus - South America (Sousa et al., 2009)
Phylloseptin-L2 Hylomantis lemur 95 Costa Rica (Abdel-Wahab et al., 2008)
Plasticin-L1 Leptodactylus laticeps 130 South America (Sousa et al., 2009)
Proline -arginineRhinophrynin-27 Rhinophrynus dorsalis - Mexico (Carta et al., 2021)
Ranatuerins 1-9 Rana catesbeiana - Japan (Goraya et al., 1998)
Ranalexin R. catesbeiana - America (Clark et al., 1994)
Rohdei-litorin (Montecucchi et al., 1984; Renda et al., 1985)
Stejneger Rana tsushimensis - Japan (Conlon et al., 2006)
Syphaxin (Spx)Syphaxin 1,5 Leptodactylus syphax - Brazil (Dourado et al., 2007)