Table 3. Biological activities of compounds isolated from frog skin

Structure name Sequence/structure Active References
Alkaloid Alkaloid guanidine: Zetekitoxin-AB Antibacterial activity of Escherichia coli MIC is 10 μg/mL (Yotsu-Yamashita et al., 2004)
Alkaloid indol: bufotenine No Anti-tumor activity (Renda et al., 1985)
Lipophilic alkaloids: Pyrrolizidine The MIC antibacterial activity was 3.9 μg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus and 31.3 μg/mL against E. coli (Daly et al., 2005)
Bombesin Bombesin-likes substances (Bbs-LS) No Stimulates the release of the stomach hormone gastrin (Park et al., 1989)
Bbs-14 SyntheticRP- Bombesin GGNQWAIGHFM-NH2 Antibacterial activity of S. aureus with MIC of 25 μg/mL, stimulating the release of gastric hormone gastrin (de Sousa et al., 2022)
Brevinin Brevinin 1 FLPVLAGIAAPALFCKITKKC Antibacterial activity of E. coli with MIC of 26 μg/mL, stimulates insulin release (Conlon et al., 2008b)
Brevinin 2 GLLDSLKGFAATAGKGVLQSLLSTASCKLAKTC
Brevinin-2GU GVIIDTLKGAAKTVAAELLRKAHCKLTNSC Significantly reduces the production of TNF-α from concanavalin A (Con A)-stimulated PBM cellsSuppression of IFN- production from unstimulated PBM cells (Popovic et al., 2012)
Magainin Magainin 1 GIGKFLHFAGKFLKAFVLEIMKF Resistance to E. coli D31 with MIC of 5 μg/mL and S. aureus MIC of 50 μg/mL (Zasloff, 1987a)
Magainin 2 GIGKFLHFAKKFLKAFVLEIMNF
Magainin A AIGKFLHAAKKFAKAFVAEIMNF Anticancercontraceptive, antifungal and antiviral activity (Ohsaki et al., 1992)
Magainin G GIGKFLHSAGKFGKAFVGEI
Other compounds Cruzioseptin-16 GFLDVLKGVGKAALGAVTHLINQGEQ Resistant to bacteria (Cuesta et al., 2021)
Cruzioseptin-17 GFLDVLKGVGKAALGAVTHLINQGEQ
Esculentin-1a GIFSKLAGKKIKNLLISGLKG-NH2 Stimulation of HaCaT cell migration and gram-negative antibacterial activity. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Di Grazia et al., 2015)
Ocellatin-4 GLLDFVTGVGKDIFAQLIKQI-NH2 Resistant to bacteria (Nascimento et al., 2004; Nascimento et al., 2007)
Phylloseptin-L2 FLSLIPHVISALSSL Stimulates insulin release (Abdel-Wahab et al., 2008)
Plasticin-L1 GLVNGLLSSVLGGGQGGGGLLGGI-Xaa Stimulates insulin release (Conlon et al., 2009)
Proline-arginine ELRLPEIARPVPEVLPARLPLPALPRN Stimulates insulin release (Carta et al., 2021)
Rhinophrynin-27Syphaxin No Resistant to bacteria (Dourado et al., 2007)