Table 4. Effects of dietary Boesenbergia rotunda extract supplementation on intestinal histology of hybrid catfish

Parameters	B. rotunda extract (mg/kg diet)
Parameters	0	250	500
The proximal intestin^e
VH (µm)	2,681.78 ± 37.45^b	3,483.68 ± 261.40^a	2,452.69 ± 162.19^b
VW (µm)	92.97 ± 3.12^b	146.68 ± 19.74^a	168.24 ± 13.47^a
Absorptive area (µm²)	249,458.59 ± 9,322.07^b	500,305.73 ± 43,332.58^a	416,504.73 ± 48,434.58^a
ICSM (µm)	205.27 ± 9.04^b	151.67 ± 12.74^c	366.69 ± 14.42^a
OLSM (µm)	142.36 ± 12.16	148.19 ± 8.44	172.57 ± 25.46
Goblet cells	63.00 ± 5.58^b	86.75 ± 13.62^a	89.25 ± 5.39^a
The middle intestine
VH (µm)	1,100.49 ± 47.33^c	2,420.38 ± 179.37^a	1,601.16 ± 110.35^b
VW (µm)	90.96 ± 1.70^b	136.98 ± 15.96^a	125.48 ± 7.29^a
Absorptive area (µm²)	125,394.81 ± 24,058.90^b	333,797.21 ± 50,671.01^a	203,377.34 ± 25,693.20^b
ICSM (µm)	123.44 ± 14.67^b	287.89 ± 34.85^a	230.67 ± 23.47^a
OLSM (µm)	76.61 ± 5.64^c	139.27 ± 18.28^b	201.13 ± 16.13^a
Goblet cells	36.50 ± 3.52^c	71.75 ± 5.70^a	53.50 ± 4.24^b
The distal intestine
VH (µm)	1,324.45 ± 39.17	1,365.69 ± 84.10	1,353.69 ± 88.79
VW (µm)	145.98 ± 3.99^b	153.70 ± 20.00^a	130.90 ± 4.16^b
Absorptive area (µm²)	170,890.46 ± 15,682.53^b	208,857.55 ± 25,574.97^a	177,172.50 ± 12,620.97^b
ICSM (µm)	115.52 ± 6.68^c	229.95 ± 12.19^b	256.41 ± 13.04^a
OLSM (µm)	122.88 ± 7.51^c	145.79 ± 7.16^b	225.51 ± 12.10^a
Goblet cells	50.50 ± 2.98^b	42.75 ± 1.70^b	85.00 ± 5.19^a

Data presented as mean ± SEM.
Mean with different superscripts in the same row are significantly different at p < 0.05.
n = 9 per treatment.
VH, villi height; VW, villi width; ICSM, inner circular smooth muscle; OLSM, outer longitudinal smooth muscle.