Table 1. Formulation and nutrient compositions (g/kg) of the experimental diets of juvenile Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei)

Ingredients	Dietary valine levels (g/kg)
	2.7	5.1	8.7	12.1	16.0
Free AA mix1)	330	330	330	330	330
Squid liver powder	50	50	50	50	50
Dextrin	220	220	220	220	220
Starch	222	222	222	222	222
L-Valine (99%)2)	0	4	8	12	16
L-Glycine3)	16	12	8	4	0
Cod liver oil4)	60	60	60	60	60
Mineral mix5)	30	30	30	30	30
Vitamin mix6)	20	20	20	20	20
Cholesterol	2	2	2	2	2
Lecithin7)	20	20	20	20	20
Monocalcium phosphate	30	30	30	30	30
Proximate composition
Crude protein	351	353	356	350	356
Crude lipid	65.3	66.6	66.5	68.9	69.0
Crude ash	58	56	60	60	57
Moisture	43	41	40	40	41
Essential amino acids
Valine	2.7	5.1	8.7	12.1	16.0
Valine (g/kg protein)	7.7	14.4	24.4	34.6	44.9
Histidine	10.9	10.7	11.0	11.6	10.7
Isoleucine	15.3	14.8	15.7	16.2	16.0
Leucine	28.0	27.5	27.9	25.8	27.5
Lysine	27.5	26.0	27.0	26.3	27.6
Phenylalanine	15.0	14.7	14.9	11.6	15.0
Threonine	15.1	14.7	15.6	15.5	15.1
Arginine	31.0	31.7	31.5	30.9	31.0

Free amino acid mixture (g/kg): contains 66.8 g arginine, 26.7 g histidine, 44.9 g isoleucine, 83 g leucine, 108.6 g lysine, 29.5 g methionine, 44.4 g phenylalanine, 45.9 g threonine, 6.7 g tryptophan, 103.4 g aspartic acid, 151.5 g glutamic acid, 37.8 g serine, 32.6 g proline, 75 g glycine, 76.2 g alanine, 35.1 g tyrosine and 31.9 g starch.
Shanghai Ajinomoto Amino Acid, Shanghai, China.
Shijiazhuang Shixing Amino Acid, Shijiazhuang, China.
Deahan Flour, Incheon, Korea.
Mineral premix (g/kg of mixture): ferrous sulphate, 10.0; copper sulphate, 1.0; zinc sulphate, 30; manganous sulphate, 2.0; cobalt chloride, 10.0; potassium iodide, 1.0; potassium, 6.0; sodium selenite, 0.01.
Vitamin premix (g/kg of mixture): retinol, 3.0; cholecalciferol, 1.0; ascorbic acid, 20.0; tocopherol, 20.0; menadione, 2.0; thiamine, 4.0; riboflavin, 6.0; pyridoxine, 5.0; cobalamin, 6.0; inositol, 54.0; pantothenic acid, 12.0; biotin, 0.2; niacin amide, 40.0; folic acid, 2.0.
LysoforteTM Dry, Kemin Republic of Korea, Seongnam, Korea.