Table 5. Secondary outcome comparisons between and within groups (PP population < 25th percentile)

Variable	Observed value			Changed from baseline
	CG (n = 40)	EG (n = 40)	p**	CG (n = 40)	p*	EG (n = 40)	p*	p**
HV (cm/year)
visit 3	7.67 ± 6.05	14.21 ± 11.68	0.001 0.002	-	-	-	-	-
visit 4	6.27 ± 5.27	6.46 ± 5.48	0.863 0.353	-	-	-	-	-
visit 5	5.22 ± 4.98	5.80 ± 4.43	0.552 0.766	-	-	-	-	-
visit 6	6.32 ± 4.47	9.10 ± 4.49	0.004 0.013	-	-	-	-	-
Height SDS
visit 2	–1.39 ± 0.55	–1.35 ± 0.59	0.719
visit 3	–1.34 ± 0.56	–1.17 ± 0.64	0.185	0.05 ± 0.15	0.016	0.18 ± 0.23	< 0.001	0.002 0.002
visit 4	–1.32 ± 0.55	–1.15 ± 0.65	0.161	0.07 ± 0.13	0.001	0.20 ± 0.24	< 0.001	0.001 0.008
visit 5	–1.33 ± 0.55	–1.15 ± 0.65	0.170	0.07 ± 0.13	0.001	0.20 ± 0.25	< 0.001	0.002 0.018
visit 6	–1.31 ± 0.55	–1.08 ± 0.64	0.066	0.08 ± 0.14	<0.001	0.27 ± 0.26	< 0.001	< 0.001 0.001
BA (months)
visit 2	81.15 ± 25.90	92.61 ± 25.51	0.034
visit 6	89.72 ± 26.01	100.93 ± 24.84	0.036	8.57 ± 6.75	< 0.001	8.33 ± 10.07	< 0.001	0.889 0.551
GH (ng/mL)
visit 2	2.22 ± 2.42	2.90 ± 3.96	0.323
visit 6	1.83 ± 2.76	1.40 ± 1.58	0.358	–0.39 ± 3.53	0.453	–1.50 ± 3.57	0.007	0.135 0.263
IGF-1 (ng/mL)
visit 2	187.69 ± 63.98	216.30 ± 107.92	0.125
visit 6	168.19 ± 64.48	204.69 ± 95.50	0.034	–19.50 ± 31.76	<0.001	–11.62 ± 46.58	0.098	0.342 0.255
IGFBP-3 (ng/mL)
visit 2	4525.11 ± 945.80	4607.61 ± 959.37	0.677
visit 6	4185.11 ± 889.47	4584.57 ± 983.26	0.043	–340.00 ± 534.16	<0.001	–23.04 ± 723.45	0.830	0.018 0.006
Osteocalcin (ng/mL)
visit 2	57.59 ± 13.64	65.45 ± 20.65	0.033
visit 6	74.40 ± 22.59	82.72 ± 20.99	0.069	16.81 ± 16.97	<0.001	17.26 ± 22.28	< 0.001	0.912 0.827
DPD (nM/mM.cre)
visit 2	18.81 ± 6.13	18.17 ± 5.46	0.597
visit 6	14.68 ± 4.68	15.29 ± 8.22	0.662	–4.13 ± 6.99	<0.001	–2.88 ± 10.78	0.077	0.508 0.457

p-values were derived from paired t-test (comparing within each group).
p-values were compared between groups (The values are from left to right: 1st, independent t-test; 2nd, ANCOVA [covariate: sex]; 3rd, ANCOVA [covariate: weight]; 4th, ANCOVA [covariate: change of caloric intake]).
CG, control group; EG, experimental group; HV, height velocity; SDS, standard deviation scores; BA, bone age; GH, growth hormone; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1; IGFBP-3, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3; DPD, deoxypyridinoline.