| Isostichopus badionotus | Type I | - Regulates obesity, inflammation, and hyperlipidemia due to high-fat diets- Maintains gut dysbiosis by improving Oscillibacter, Acetatifactor, and Desulfovibrionales population | Li et al. (2019) |
| Pearsonothuria graeffei | Type I | - Reduces the impacts of high-fat diets (e.g., Obesity, Hyperlipidemia)- Increases the populations of Bacteroides and Parabacteroides (i.e., Prevotellaceae and Olsenella)- Decreases Desulfovibrio and Dorea populations | Li et al. (2019) |
| Laminaria japonica | Type I | - Enhance the population of Lactobacillus- Decrease the Peptococcus population- Alleviated a metabolic syndrome in high-fat diet-fed mice- Enhance the population of probiotic bacteria (Akkermansia)- Decrease the population of pathogens (e.g., Rikenellaceae) | Shang et al. (2016)Shang et al. (2017) |
| Acaudina molpadioides | Type I | - Triggers healing of a mucosal injury- Enhanced the Butyricicoccus, Rikenella, and Coprococcus populations- Reduce the abundance of Bacillus and Streptococcus- Increases the resistance of insulin- Regulates gut dysbiosis via minimizing the population of Mucispirillum schaedleri like pathogenic bacteria and enhancing the probiotic bacteria Bifidobacterium abundance | Jang et al. (2024) |
| Sargassum fusiforme | Type II | - Influences the population of Roseburia, Alloprevotella, and Alistipes,- Reduces the abundance of pathogenic bacteria and Parabacteroides.- Regulates the hyperglycemia caused by streptozotocin | Cheng et al. (2019) |
| Ascophyllum nodosum | Type II | - Increases the population of probiotic bacteria (e.g. Blautia, ClostridialesvadinBB60, Akkermansia)- Decreases the population of Alistipes and Rikenellaceae | Shang et al. (2017) |
| Undaria pinnatifida | Type II | - Lowers the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, serum total cholesterol, and lipopolysaccharide- Increase the Oscillospira, Prevotella, Bacillus, and Ruminococcus populations and reduce that of Staphylococcus and Clostridium- Enhances liver steatosis- Regulates gut dysbiosis by reducing Staphylococcus population and increasing Alloprevotella abundance | Cheng et al. (2019) |