Table 4. Intestinal histomorphology of striped catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) fed different level protein diets with kombucha supplementation for 40 days

Treatment		Parameter
Treatment		VL (µm)	VAW (µm)	VBW (µm)	Intestinal diameters (µm)	Villus surface area (µm²)	Number of villi
Pa	Ka	39.51 ± 5.74^c	16.22 ± 0.63^a	16.15 ± 0.78^c	161.61 ± 10.25^c	640.23 ± 100.32^c	19.80 ± 2.28^b
Pa	Kb	50.54 ± 0.62^b	13.61 ± 0.84^c	16.98 ± 0.39^bc	173.62 ± 10.99^bc	773.11 ± 32.56^b	24.60 ± 1.52^a
Pb	Ka	53.88 ± 1.50^ab	14.55 ± 0.87^bc	17.33 ± 0.38^b	181.50 ± 9.55^b	859.20 ± 45.39^b	24.40 ± 1.82^a
Pb	Kb	55.15 ± 1.09^a	15.43 ± 1.93^ab	19.51 ± 0.79^a	222.04 ± 11.09^a	964.25 ± 78.98^a	25.40 ± 4.39^a
Two-way ANOVA
Protein level (P)		p < 0.00	p < 0.89	p < 0.00	p < 0.00	p < 0.00	p < 0.04
Kombucha (K)		p < 0.00	p < 0.12	p < 0.00	p < 0.00	p < 0.00	p < 0.03
P × K (Interaction)		p < 0.00	p < 0.00	p < 0.03	p < 0.01	p < 0.66	p < 0.14

The values are presented as the mean ± SD.
Significant differences (p < 0.05) between treatments within the same columns are denoted by superscript letters.
PaKa, low protein diet without kombucha; PaKb, low protein diet with kombucha; PbKa, high protein diet without kombucha; PbKb, high protein diet with kombucha; VL, villi length; VAW, villus apical width; VBW, villus basal width.