Table 1. Summary of relevant publications investigating the effect of temperature on abalone physiology

Species Stressor levels (°C) Duration Parameters General findings References
Blacklip abalone(Haliotis rubra) 18 (control), 21, and 24 7 d SO, THC, antibacterial activity against Vibrio anguillarum and antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus type 1. THC and antiviral activity increased, antibacterial activity decreased, and there was no significant difference in SO levels. Dang et al., 2012
Pacific abalone(Haliotis discus hannai) 8, 14, 20 (control), and 26 and Vibrio anguillarum injection 30 d and 24 h for bacterial challenge. THC, hemocyte population characteristic, hemocyte mortality, Phagocytic capacities, ROS production, and temporal expression of immune-related genes. Hemocyte phagocytic capability and ROS generation were more responsive to cold temperatures. High temperature affected Spi gene expression more. Higher and lower water temperatures greatly altered Cpi expression. Ding et al., 2016
Pacific abalone(Haliotis discus hannai) Temperature 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 (Control), 26, 28, 30 and 32 77 d SGR, survival rate, MSAP, DNA methylation states, and epigenetic structure. Juveniles can grow well at 23°C–25°C. There are no significant variations in global methylation levels. Temperature can cause epigenetic differentiation. Kong et al., 2017
Donkey ear’s abalone(Haliotis asinina) Ambient (29), +2 (31), and +4 (33) Larvae: 7 dBreeder: 3 mon Hatching rate, survival rate of larvae and breeder, larvae shell length, SGR and daily consumption rate of breeder. The hatching rate, survival rate, and shell length of larvae were all decreased at 33°C. Female and male breeders all died after 2 and 3 months, respectively. Pedroso, 2017
Pacific abalone(Haliotis discus hannai) Stable temperature experiment (3, 8, 13, 18, 23, and 28) and fluctuation temperature experiment (range between 20 to 26). 24 h for stable experiment and for 144 h for fluctuating experiment. Oxygen consumption, proteomic analysis, ammonia excretion, O:N ratio, and metabolic pathway analysis. In the steady warm summer experiment, metabolic rates surged and varied in response to brief temperature fluctuations experiment (20°C–26°C). Both experiments had similar acute ammonia excretion rates. In the fluctuation temperature experiment, enzyme activity decreased, and structure-related protein expression increased. Kang et al., 2019
Tropical abalone(Haliotis Squamata) 28, 30 (control), 32 and 34. 96 h Mucus production, muscle hardness, survival rate, CAT, SOD, phenoloxidase, HSP70 and HSP90 gene expressions, and foot histology. Temperature stress increases muscle hardness, foot muscle abnormalities, and mucus production. Lower and higher temperatures enhanced abalone enzyme activity. Abalone did not survive at 34°C after 12 hours. After high-temperature stress, SOD, CAT, and phenol oxidase activity were altered. After 6–12 h above 30°C, we observed an increase in HSP70 and HSP90 proteins. Yasa et al., 2019
Red Abalone (Haliotis rufescens) and Blackfoot Paua (Halioti iris) +5 over ambient temperature 6 weeks Respiration rates, Digestive enzyme assays, organic matter digestibility, and algal consumed. Both abalone species maintained digestive functions in species-specific ways. Frederick et al., 2022
SGR, specific growth rate; THC, total hemocyte count; SO, superoxide anion; MSAP, Methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism; CAT, catalase; SOD, superoxide dismustase; ROS, reactive oxygen species; Spi, serine protease inhibitor; Cpi, cysteine proteases inhibitor; HSP, heat shock protein.