| Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) | pH 7.3, 7.6, 7.9, and 8.2 (control). | Eggs: 15 hHatched larvae: 48 h | Hatching rate and time, shell length, malformation and metamophosis rate. | Reductions of 0.6–0.9 units in pH level had a negative impact on abalone early development. | Li et al., 2013 |
| Donkey ear’s abalone (Haliotis asinina) | pH 8.15, 7.85, and 7.65 | 24 h | Shell length and malformation rate. | Shell length decreases and malformation increases at low pH. | Santander-De Leon & Sayno, 2018 |
| European abalone (Haliotis tuberculata) | pH 8.0 (460 µatm pCO2, control) and 7.7 (1,000 µatm pCO2) | 5 mon | Survival, growth, phagocytosis, pHT of hemolymph, metabolism, gene expression, shell strength, nano-indentation measurements, SEM. | The hemolymph pH was reduced. Immunity and metabolism were not impacted. Mechanical characteristics, calcification, and shell growth were all negatively impacted. | Avignon et al., 2020 |
| European abalone (Haliotis tuberculata) | pH 7.9, 7.7, and 7.4 | 15 d | Survival and growth, Hemolymph pH, total alkalinity, pCO2, HCO3−, Saturation state (Ω), and total protein content of hemolymph. | Survival, growth, and protein content were not significantly different. The other parameters were reduced at pH 7.4. | Auzoux-Bordenave et al., 2021 |
| European abalone (Haliotis tuberculata) | pH 8.0 (control) and 7.7 | 5 d | Hatching rate, % swimming larvae, malformation rate, shell length, shell birefringence, SEM, swimming behavior, respiration rate, and larval settlement. | Low pH significantly impacts the shell and tissue formation, shell length, and birefringence. | Kavousi et al., 2022 |
| Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) and Many-colored abalone (Haliotis diversicolor) | 560 μatm (control), 880 μatm (pH 7.9) and 1,600 μatm (pH 7.7). | 1 y | Shell surface, growth, crushing force, microstructure, hardness, composition, and Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) morphology. | Ocean acidification (OA) altered many-colored abalone shell CaCO₃ morphology, microstructure, and hardness, reducing shell breaking force. Pacific abalone had unchanged CaCO₃ morphology and microstructure, and OA did not diminish nacre layer hardness. Due to reduced calcification, shell resistance to crushing force was still inadequate. | Guo et al., 2023 |
| Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) | pH 8.1 and 7.5 combination with temperature 15°C, 20°C, and 25°C | 5 d | Hemolymph H2O2 and MDA level, gene expression of CAT, SOD, and caspase-3 in hepatopancreas, in situ hybridization for SOD mRNA expression, and apoptosis level in the hepatopancreas. | H2O2, MDA, SOD, CAT, and caspase-3 increased at low pH and/or low/high water temperature. Apoptosis level was also high at high temperatures and low pH. | Kim et al., 2023 |