Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
BioMed Central
Research Article

A single-step isolation of useful antioxidant compounds from Ishige okamurae by using centrifugal partition chromatography

Hyung-Ho Kim1, Hyun-Soo Kim1, Ju-Young Ko1, Chul-Young Kim2, Ji-Hyeok Lee1,*, You-Jin Jeon1,*
1Department of Marine Life ScienceJeju National University690-756JejuSouth Korea
2Natural Product Research CenterHanyang UniversityDaejeon-dongAhnsanGyeongi-doSouth Korea

© The Author(s) 2016. Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Received: Apr 5, 2016; Accepted: Jun 11, 2016

Published Online: Jun 28, 2016

Abstract

One of the main compounds in Ishige okamurae, diphlorethohydroxycarmalol (DPHC), is known to exhibit antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects. However, it has not been investigated extensively. In this study, preparative centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) coupled with 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS+) online HPLC was employed for effectively separating considerable amounts of antioxidant compounds from marine algae. Two main antioxidant compounds, DPHC and octaphlorethol A (OPA), respectively, were confirmed and isolated from the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction of I. okamurae by ABTS+ online HPLC and preparative CPC systems. The presence of DPHC and OPA was confirmed in the EtOAc fraction of I. okamurae by both liquid chromatography with diode array detection and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-DAD-ESI/MS) and ABTS+ online HPLC systems: DPHC (39 mg) and OPA (23 mg) were successfully isolated from I. okamurae (500 mg) with optimum solvent composition (0.5:10:4:6; n-hexane/EtOAc/MeOH/water, v/v) with corresponding partition coefficients (K) of 1.62 and 2.71, respectively, by preparative CPC. Hence, CPC coupled with ABTS+ online HPLC is convenient for the efficient and simple isolation of these antioxidant compounds from I. okamurae.

Keywords: Ishige okamurae; Centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC); ABTS+ online HPLC; Diphlorethohydroxycarmalol; Octaphlorethol A

Background

Marine algae, which are abundant in the coast areas over the world and very popular as food in Korea and Japan, can be a useful source of therapeutic compounds. Ishige okamurae, a brown alga, has been found throughout the temperate coastal zone of the Jeju Island, South Korea (Ahn et al. 2011). Yoon et al. (2009) has reported antioxidant secondary metabolites, such as phloroglucinol, 6,6′-bieckol, and diphlorethohydroxycarmalol (DPHC) in I. okamurae. In particular, DPHC, one of the main compounds in I. okamurae, has been reported to exhibit diverse biological effects, such as antioxidant (Heo et al. 2008; Zou et al. 2008), anti-inflammatory (Kim et al. 2009), antihypoglycemic (Heo et al. 2009), and antiviral effects (Ahn et al. 2006). However, thus far, except DPHC, other main antioxidant compounds from I. okamurae have not been sufficiently investigated. Hence, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzo thiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS+) online HPLC was employed for the detection of the various main antioxidant compounds, such as DPHC, from I. okamurae.

Typically, ABTS+ has been employed for measuring the antioxidant activity of compounds from several natural products (Koleva et al. 2001; He et al. 2010). The determination of antioxidant activity was based on the decrease in absorbance at 680–730 nm after the reaction of HPLC-separated antioxidants with ABTS+, which forms a deep green color by reaction with potassium persulfate and loses its color by reaction with an antioxidant compound (Re et al. 1999; Amanda et al. 2005). This reagent applied to ABTS+ online HPLC systems can detect unknown compounds which exhibit antioxidant activities from the crude extracts of algae or plants (Koleva et al. 2000; Koleva et al. 2001; Lee et al. 2013a). ABTS+ online HPLC is simple and effective for detecting the main antioxidant compounds from various compounds and exhibits the following advantages: use of HPLC with cost-effective reagents, time savings, and a non-laborious experimental method (Koleva et al. 2001; Lee et al. 2013a). ABTS+ online HPLC has also been previously employed for the detection of phenolic compounds (e.g., gallic acid, 3-caffeoylquinic acid, and epigallocatechin gallate) from green tea (Amanda et al. 2005).

In general, the isolation and purification of DPHC from I. okamurae require various complex processes, such as the use of silica gel, Sephadex-LH 20 column chromatography, and preparative HPLC (Heo et al. 2009). However, these conventional methods exhibit several drawbacks, in that they are time-consuming, they require limited amounts of compounds, as well as target compounds are irreversibly adsorbed on the stationary phase during separation (Lee et al. 2014a). Because of these drawbacks, a preparative centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) system might be a useful technology. Preparative CPC is liquid–liquid separation without the use of a support, based on the dispersion of each component in two non-mixed liquid phases (Lee et al. 2013a; Jeon et al. 2016). This principle makes it possible to isolate large amount of compounds with purities of greater than 90 % in a single step (Berthod et al. 1988; Delannay et al. 2006; Lee et al. 2013a, Bourdat-Deschamps et al. 2004). In addition, the CPC system provides various technological merits, such as a short operation time, inexpensive product, higher yields and throughput, and reduced operating costs (Berthod and Armstrong 1988; Lee et al. 2013a). Hence, in this study, we searched and largely isolated the antioxidant compounds from the ethyl acetate fraction of I. okamurae (IOEA) by ABTS+ online HPLC and single-step of preparative CPC.

Methods

Materials

The brown alga, I. okamurae, was collected from Seongsan located in the eastern part of Jeju Island, South Korea. The sample was rinsed more than three times with tap water to remove the surface matters such as epiphytes, salt, and sand and then stored in a refrigerator at −20 °C after cautiously washing with tap water. Thereafter, the frozen sample was freeze-dried before extraction.

All solvents used for the preparation of the crude sample for CPC separation were of analytical grade (Daejung Chemicals & Metals Co., Seoul, South Korea), and HPLC grade solvents were purchased from Burdick & Jackson (MI, USA).

Preparation of the IOEA

The powdered I. okamurae (500 g) was extracted three times with 70 % ethanol (EtOH) under stirring for 24 h at room temperature, then it was filtered. The filtrated extract was concentrated under decompression and freeze-dried to powder. The powdered extract (68 g) was then mixed in water (1.0 L) and in a row separated with n-hexane (n-Hex), chloroform (CHCl3), and ethyl acetate (EtOAc).

ABTS+ online HPLC assay

HPLC coadunate with 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) assay was progressed using the method of Lee et al. (2013a, 2013c) with some modifications. For the HPLC, an Atlantis T3 column (3 μL, 3.0 × 150 mm column) (Waters, USA) was used, and the mobile phase was acetonitrile-water in gradient mode as follows: (0 → 40 min, 5:95 → 50:50 v/v; ~50 min, ~100:0 v/v; ~70 min, ~100:0 v/v). The UV absorbance was detected at 230 nm, and the flow rate was 0.2 mL/min.

HPLC–DAD–ESI/MS analysis of IOEA

HPLC–DAD–ESI/MS analyses were carried out using a Hewlett–Packard 1100 series HPLC system equipped with a binary pump, a degasser, an autosampler, a DAD detector, and a column oven (Hewlett–Packard, Waldbronn, Germany) coadunate to a Finnigan MAT LCQ ion-trap mass spectrometer (Finnigan MAT, San Jose, CA, USA). The MS was fitted with a Finnigan electrospray source and can analyze ions up to m/z 2000. Xcalibur software (Finnigan MAT) was used for MS operation. The chromatographic conditions are equal to those described in the “ABTS+ online HPLC assay” section, and the flow cell outlet was combined to a splitting valve, from which a flow of 0.2 mL/min was diverted to the electrospray ion source via short fused silica tubing. Negative ion mass spectra of the column emission were recorded in the range m/z 100~2000. The source voltage was set to 4.5 kV and the capillary temperature to 250 °C. The other conditions were as follows: capillary voltage, 36.5 V; inter-octapole lens voltage, 10 V; sheath gas, 80 psi (551.6 kPa); and auxiliary gas, 20 psi (137.9 kPa).

CPC separation procedure

The CPC operations were progressed using the method specified by Lee et al. (2013a, 2014a). The CPC operations were progressed using a two-phase solvent system which was composed of n-hexane:EtOAc:MeOH:water (0.5:10:4:6, v/v). The bottom aqueous phase was used as the stationary phase, whereas the top organic phase was employed as the mobile phase. When the mobile phase appears from the column, it reaches a hydrostatic equilibrium (back pressure, 3.1 MPa), and then the emission from the CPC process is monitored in UV at 254 nm. And fractions of 6 mL were collected in test tubes by a fraction collector (FC 203B, Gilson, South Korea).

Results and discussion

Because the EtOAc fraction of I. okamurae has been reported to be rich in antioxidant compounds, such as phloroglucinol, 6,6′-bieckol, and DPHC (Yoon et al. 2009), it was selected herein. From the results obtained, the two main antioxidant compounds from IOEA were rapidly and easily identified by ABTS+ online HPLC as a measure of the decrease of absorbance of ABTS+ at 680 nm (Fig. 1). Antioxidant activity was determined by online HPLC based on the decrease of absorbance at 680–730 nm after the antioxidants were separated by the post-column activation of HPLC with ABTS+ (Lee et al. 2016). The two main antioxidant compounds were confirmed to be DPHC (molecular weight (MW) 512, C24H16O13) and octaphlorethol A (OPA) (MW 994, C48H34O24) by LC-DAD-ESI/MS (Piao et al. 2013; Lee et al. 2014b) (Fig. 2).

fas-19-0-22-g1
Fig. 1. a HPLC and b ABTS+ online HPLC chromatogram of IOEA. Column: Atlantis T3 3 μm ODS column (150 mm × 4.6 mm i.d.); mobile phase: acetonitrile-water (0 → 40 min, 5:95 → 50:50 v/v; ~50 min, ~100:0 v/v; ~70 min, ~100:0 v/v); a flow rate of 200 μL/min, monitored at 230 nm. ABTS+ solution excreted at a flow rate of 700 μL/min and was measured at 680 nm absorbance. Peak I: DPHC, peak II: OPA
Download Original Figure
fas-19-0-22-g2
Fig. 2. The HPLC–DAD–ESI/MS spectra of a DPHC and b OPA, main active compounds in IOEA. Column: Atlantis T3 3 μm ODS column (150 mm × 4.6 mm i.d.); mobile phase: acetonitrile-water (0 → 40 min, 5:95 → 50:50 v/v; ~50 min, ~100:0 v/v; ~70 min, ~100:0 v/v); a flow rate of 200 μL/min, monitored at 230 nm
Download Original Figure

DPHC, one of the most important biological compounds from I. okamurae, has been reported to demonstrate protective effects against radiation-induced cell damage in mice (Ahn et al. 2011), inhibitory activity of α-glucosidase and α-amylase in diabetic mice (Heo et al. 2009), and potential preventive effect of Alzheimer’s disease by the inhibition of acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase (Yoon et al. 2009). OPA has only been isolated from Ishige foliacea; however, in our study, OPA was first confirmed from I. okamurae (Kang et al. 2014; Lee et al. 2012; Lee et al. 2013b). Generally, algae of the same genus and/or algae with similar phenotype have been reported to produce similar secondary metabolites (Hillis 1962; Ha et al. 2015). In particular, phlorotannins such as eckol, dieckol, and 6,6′-bieckol present in Ecklonia cava are also produced by Eisenia bicyclis, which has a phenotype similar to that of E. cava (Kwon et al. 2013). Recently, OPA has been reported to exhibit protection against high-glucose-induced oxidative damage in vitro and in vivo (Kang et al. 2014), inhibit α-MSH-stimulated induced melanogenesis via the extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway in B16F10 melanoma cells (Kim et al. 2013), increase glucose transporter 4-mediated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells (Lee et al. 2012), as well as demonstrate antihyperglycemic effects in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice (Lee et al. 2014b). Hence, DPHC and OPA are very useful materials in the nutraceutical industry. However, for their industry, it is difficult to largely isolate and purify DPHC and OPA from I. okamurae and I. foliacea, attributed to the complex processes. Accordingly, we investigate the optimum protocol for their efficient isolation and purification by preparative CPC.

In CPC, it is imperative to choose a suitable two-phase solvent system for separation (Lee et al. 2016). The partition coefficient (K) is calculated by the solubility of target compounds in a two-phase non-mixed solvent (Tayar et al. 1991; Jeon et al. 2014). The K values for an optimum separation condition are in the following range: 0.2 ≤ K ≤ 5.0 (Lee et al. 2014). Especially, the difference between the K values of the peaks of a target compound should be greater than 1.5–2 times of the K value. For selection of optimal solvent condition for isolation of DPHC and OPA in IOEA, their K values were calculated by utilizing various volume rates of two non-mixed solvents such as n-Hex:EtOAc:MeOH:water (v/v) (Table 1). The K values for 0.5:10:5:5 n-Hex:EtOAc:MeOH:water (v/v) were within the reported optimal range of the K value (0.2 ≤ K ≤ 5.0); however, a marginal difference was observed between the K values of DPHC (0.97) and OPA (0.99). In addition, the K values (DPHC, 10.42; OPA, 6.46) obtained with 1:9:1:9 n-Hex:EtOAc:MeOH:water (v/v) were not in the optimal range. Hence, 0.5:10:4:6 n-Hex:EtOAc:MeOH:water (v/v), with K values of 1.62 and 2.71 for DPHC and OPA, respectively, was utilized as the best condition to isolate the two compounds, because of a difference of 1.67 times between the K values of both the compounds. Thus, the preparative CPC system consisting of two descending and ascending modes was employed; when K value is more than 1, it is selected as the ascending mode (Lee et al. 2016). Finally, we operated the CPC system under both the best solvent condition and ascending mode (mobile and stationary phases represent the top and bottom phases, respectively).

Table 1. K values as different solvent conditions to separate active compounds in IOEA

Solvent condition

DPHC

OPA

n-Hex:EtOAc:MeOH:water

1:9:1:9

10.42

6.46

n-Hex:EtOAc:MeOH:water

0.5:10:4:6

1.62

2.71

n-Hex:EtOAc:MeOH:water

0.5:10:5:5

0.97

0.99

Download Excel Table

DPHC and OPA were efficiently and simply separated from IOEA according to the optimum K value applied; CPC chromatogram is shown in Fig. 3. DPHC and OPA were confirmed to be present in fractions A and B, respectively, by HPLC LC-DAD-ESI/MS analysis (Fig. 4). The amounts of DPHC and OPA purified from IOEA (500 mg) using a single-step CPC system were 39 mg (7.8 % yield) and 23 mg (4.6 % yield), respectively. However, the previous reported yield of DPHC from the ethyl acetate fraction of I. okamurae (15.3 g) was relatively low (275.8 mg; approximately 2 %) (Ahn et al. 2011) as compared with the result obtained by this study. Lee et al. (2014a) have isolated 31.1 mg of phlorofucofuroeckol-A (6 % yield) and 40.2 mg of dieckol (8 % yield) from 500 mg of the EtOAc fraction of E. cava by CPC. On the other hand, Ahn et al. (2007) have only obtained a product yield of less than 1 % by conventional isolation methods.

fas-19-0-22-g3
Fig. 3. Preparative CPC (n-Hex:EtAOc:MeOH:water 0.5:10:4:6, v/v) chromatogram of IOEA. Stationary phase: lower aqueous phase; mobile phase: upper organic phase; a flow rate of 2 mL/min; rotation speed of 1000 rpm; and a sample of 500 mg dissolved in 6 mL mixture of upper phase and lower phase (1:1, v/v) of the solvent system
Download Original Figure
fas-19-0-22-g4
Fig. 4. HPLC chromatogram of a IOEA and those of b OPA and c DPHC derived from the CPC chromatogram. Column: Atlantis T3 3 μm ODS column (150 mm × 4.6 mm i.d.); mobile phase: acetonitrile-water (0 → 40 min, 5:95 → 50:50 v/v; ~50 min, ~100:0 v/v; ~70 min, ~100:0 v/v); a flow rate of 200 μL/min, monitored at 230 nm
Download Original Figure

Conclusions

As a result, the combination of ABTS+ online HPLC and single-step CPC is hypothesized to be useful for the efficient isolation of antioxidant compounds such as DPHC and OPA from I. okamurae in high yield.

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (No. 2014R1A1A2007015).

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

HHK carried out operation of centrifugal partition chromatography system. HSK operated ABTS+ online HPLC. JYK participated in the isolation of antioxidant compounds. CYK participated in the design of the study. JHL and YJJ conceived of the study, and participated in its design and coordination and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

References

1.

Ahn MJ, Yoon KD, Kim CY, Kim JH, Shin CG, Kim J. Inhibitory activity on HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and integrase of a carmalol derivative from a brown alga, Ishige okamurae. Phytother Res. 2006; 20:711-3

2.

Ahn GN, Kim KN, Cha SH, Song CB, Lee J, Heo MS. Antioxidant activities of phlorotannins purified from Ecklonia cava on free radical scavenging using ESR and H2O2-mediated DNA damage. Eur Food Res Technol. 2007; 226:71-9

3.

Ahn MJ, Monn CJ, Yang WJ, Ko EJ, Hyun JW, Joo HG, Jee YH, Lee NH, Park JW, Ko RK, Kim GO, Shin TK. Diphlorethohydroxycarmalol, isolated from the brown algae Ishige okamurae, protects against radiation-induced cell damage in mice. Food Chem Toxicol. 2011; 49:864-70

4.

Amanda JS, William M, Alan C. On-line high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of the antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds in green and black tea. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2005; 49:52-60

5.

Berthod A, Armstrong DW. Centrifugal partition chromatography. 1. general features. J Liq Chromatogr. 1988; 11:547-566

6.

Bourdat-Deschamps M, Herrenknecht C, Akendengue B, Laurens A, Hocquemiller R. Separation of protoberberine quaternary alkaloids from a crude extract of Enantia chlorantha by centrifugal partition chromatography. J Chromatogr A. 2004; 1041:143-52

7.

Delannay E, Toribio A, Boudesocque L, Nuzillard JM, Zeches-Hanrot M, Dardennes E. Multiple dual-mode centrifugal partition chromatography, a semi-continuous development mode for routine laboratory-scale purifications. J Chromatogr A. 2006; 1127:45-51

8.

Ha IN, Lee MY, Kwon YK, Jung Y, Kim HK, Hwang GW. Metabolite profiling to discriminate different species and genus from thistles in Korea using liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci. 2015; 38:502-10

9.

He WH, Liu X, Xu HG, Yuan F, Gao YX. On-line HPLC-ABTS screening and HPLC-DAD-MS/MS identification of free radical scavengers in Gardenia Gardenia jasminoides Ellis fruit extracts. Food Chem. 2010; 123:521-28

10.

Heo SJ, Kim JP, Jung WK, Lee NH, Kang HS, Jun EM, Park SH, Kang SM, Lee YJ, Park PJ, Jeon YJ. Identification of chemical structure and free radical scavenging activity of diphlorethohydroxycarmalol isolated from a brown alga, Ishige okamurae. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2008; 18:676-81

11.

Heo SJ, Hwang JY, Choi JI, Han JS, Kim HJ, Jeon YJ. Diphlorethohydroxy-carmalol isolated from Ishige okamurae, a brown algae, a potent alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase inhibitor, alleviates postprandial hyperglycemia in diabetic mice. Eur J Pharmacol. 2009; 615:252-6

12.

Hillis WE. In: Hillis WE, editor. The distribution and formation of polyphenols within the tree. Wood extractives and their significance to the pulp and paper industries. 1962; New York and London: Academic. p. 73-6.

13.

Jeon JS, Kang SW, Um BH, Kim CY. Preparative isolation of antioxidant flavonoids from small black soybeans by centrifugal partition chromatography and sequential solid-phase extraction. Sep Sci Technol. 2014; 20:37-41.

14.

Jeon JS, Park CL, Syed AS, Kim YM, Cho IJ, Kim CY. Preparative separation of sesamin and sesamolin from defatted sesame meal via centrifugal partition chromatography with consecutive sample injection. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 2016; 1011:108-13.

15.

Kang MC, Kim KN, Chaminda Lakmal HH, Kim EA, Wijesinghe WAJP, Yang X, Heo SJ, Jeon YJ. Octaphlorethol A isolated from Ishige foliacea prevents and protects against high glucose-induced oxidative damage in vitro and in vivo. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2014; 38:607-615

16.

Kim MM, Rajapakse N, Kim SK. Anti-inflammatory effect of Ishige okamurae ethanolic extract via inhibition of NF-kB transcription factor in RAW 264.7 cells. Phytother Res. 2009; 23:628-634

17.

Kim KN, Yang HM, Kang SM, Kim D, Ahn G, Jeon YJ. Octaphlorethol A isolated from Ishige foliacea inhibits α-MSH-stimulated induced melanogenesis via ERK pathway in B16F10 melanoma cells. Food Chem Toxical. 2013; 59:521-6

18.

Koleva II, Niederlander HAG, Van Beek TA. An on-line HPLC method for detection of radical scavenging compounds in complex mixture. Anal Chem. 2000; 72:2323-8

19.

Koleva II, Niederlander HAG, Van Beek TA. Application of ABTS radical cation for selective on-line detection of radical scavengers in HPLC eluates. Anal Chem. 2001; 73:3373-81

20.

Kwon TH, Suh HW, Lee IK, Yun BS, Kim TW, Hwang DI, Kim YJ, Kim MJ, Kwon OO, Kim CG, Park NY. Determination of singlet oxygen quenching and antioxidant activity of bieckols isolated from the brown alga Eisenia bicyclis. Eur Food Res Technol. 2013; 237:501-8

21.

Lee SH, Kang SM, Ko SC, Lee DH, Jeon YJ. Octaphlorethol A, a novel phenolic compound isolated from a brown alga, Ishige foliacea, increases glucose transporter 4-mediated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2012; 420:576-581

22.

Lee JH, Ko JY, Samarakoon K, Oh JY, Heo SJ, Kim CY, Nah JW, Jang MK, Lee JS, Jeon YJ. Preparative isolation of sargachromanol E from Sargassum siliquastrum by centrifugal partition chromatography and its anti-inflammatory activity. Food Chem Toxicol. 2013; 62:54-60

23.

Lee SH, Kang SM, Ko SC, Kang MC, Jeon YJ. Octaphlorethol A, a novel phenolic compound isolated from Ishige foliacea, protects against streptozotocin-induced pancreatic β cell damage by reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis. Food Chem Toxicol. 2013; 59:643-9

24.

Lee SH, Kang MC, Moon SH, Jeon BT, Jeon YJ. Potential use of ultrasound in antioxidant extraction from Ecklonia cava. Algae. 2013; 28:371-378

25.

Lee JH, Ko JY, OH JY, Kim CH, Lee HJ, Kim JI, Jeon YJ. Preparative isolation and purification of phlorotannins from Ecklonia cava using centrifugal partition chromatography by one-step. Food Chem. 2014; 158:433-7

26.

Lee SH, Kang SH, Ko SC, Moon SH, Jeon BT, Lee DH, Jeon YJ. Octaphlorethol A: a potent α-glucosidase inhibitor isolated from Ishige foliacea shows an anti-hyperglycemic effect in mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Food Funct. 2014; 10:2602-8

27.

Lee JH, Han JW, Ko JY, Lee WW, Ahn GN, Kim CY, Kim GH, Jeon YJ. Protective effect of a freshwater alga, Spirogyra sp., against lipid peroxidation in vivo zebrafish and purification of antioxidative compounds using preparative centrifugal partition chromatography. E J Appl Psychol. 2016; 28:181-9.

28.

Piao MJ, Kang KA, Kim KC, Chae SW, Kim GO, Shin TK, Kim HS, Hyun JW. Diphlorethohydroxycarmalol attenuated cell damage against UVB radiation via enhancing antioxidant effects and absorbing UVB ray in human HaCaT keratinocytes. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2013; 36:680-8

29.

Re R, Pellegrini N, Proteggente A, Pannala A, Yang M, Rice-evans C. Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radic Biol Med. 1999; 26:1231-7

30.

Tayar NE, Tsai RS, Vallat P, Altomare C, Testa B. Measurement of partition coefficients by various centrifugal partition chromatographic techniques: a comparative evaluation. J Chromatogr A. 1991; 556:181-94

31.

Yoon NY, Lee SH, Li Y, Kim SK. Phlorotannins from Ishige okamurae and their acetyland butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory effects. J Funct Foods. 2009; 1:331-5

32.

Zou Y, Qian ZJ, Li Y, Kim MM, Lee SH, Kim SK. Antioxidant effects of phlorotannins isolated from Ishige okamurae in free radical mediated oxidative systems. J Agric Food Chem. 2008; 56:7001-9