Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Science
RESEARCH ARTICLE

Comparison of maturation and secondary spawning of fleshy shrimp Penaeus chinensis fed different kinds of diets

Youngguk Jin1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6112-3966, Yu-Hyeon Jeon1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8013-3051, Sukyoung Kim1https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6647-6798, Eunha Jeong1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6741-5812, Su-Kyoung Kim1,*https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5435-032X
1West Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Taean 32132, Korea
*Corresponding author: Su-Kyoung Kim, West Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Taean 32132, Korea, Tel: +82-41-675-3781, Fax: +82-41-675-7077, E-mail:agemang@korea.kr

Copyright © 2022 The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Science. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Received: Aug 04, 2022; Revised: Oct 21, 2022; Accepted: Nov 09, 2022

Published Online: Dec 31, 2022

Abstract

The study carried out a 15-day feeding trial of the fleshy shrimp broodstock that have just finished their first spawn using five different maturation feed types (three types of manufactured feed, fresh feed, and commercial feed) to induce multiple spawning in the shrimp and then analyzed and compared hemolymph levels of total protein, total lipid, hemocyanin, glucose, and cholesterol as well as ovary histology between the treatments to identify the potential of the experimental diets to be utilized as maturation feed. The study found that the manufactured diets of polychaetes + clam and polychaetes + clam + squid resulted in significantly higher levels of lipid and protein in shrimp hemolymph suggesting an indicator of multiple spawning in the fleshy shrimp. The other manufactured diet of polychaets + squid led to the highest 2nd spawning with significantly lower levels of lipid, protein, and cholesterol in shrimp hemolymph. The fresh feed treatment showed similar hematological as well as histological responses to the manufactured diet of polychaetes + squid, but with a significantly lower spawning volume compared to the other treatments. The study demonstrated that the manufactured diets could replace fresh feed as maturation feed and attain a higher shrimp maturation than the commercial feed.

Keywords: Fleshy shrimp; Maturation; Secondary spawning; Diet

Introduction

Fleshy shrimp Penaeus chinensis is one of the most important commercial species in Korea and China and considered particularly valuable as they are found only in the Yellow Sea.

The fleshy shrimp production, however, sharply decreased in the mid-2000s due to the white spot disease outbreaks leaving capture production as the only option for the supply. The fleshy shrimp industry is now eager to restore the species as a viable aquaculture species. In Korea, there are major cultured shrimp species including non-native whiteleg shrimp Penaeus vannamei as well as native Kuruma shrimp Penaeus japonicus and fleshy shrimp P. chinensis. It is reported that the Kuruma shrimp has a long spawning cycle with multiple spawns while the fleshy shrimp exhibits a short spawning period of 1–2 months allowing only a single spawning event during its whole life (Cha et al., 2002; Garcia, 1977). The single short spawning in the fleshy shrimp poses challenges for an abundant seedling production.

Fundamental research on reproduction is important to improve the understanding of the reproductive processes of broodstock in captivity. The use of domesticated broodstock as opposed to captive wild broodstock may help the industry produce pathogen-free larvae, representing one of the most important strategies for successful shrimp farming activities. Several factors have a high impact on egg quality and quantity such as broodstock age and/or size, broodstock origin, type of endocrine manipulation, genetic variation and broodstock nutrition (Racotta et al., 2003). An adequately formulated maturation diet that meets the nutrient requirements of shrimp broodstock is the one of the most important criteria that determines a successful shrimp reproduction. Many investigations have been carried out to study various nutritional factors that play critical roles in the stimulation of shrimp sexual maturation, enhancement of fertility and the production of viable, high-quality offspring (Chimsung, 2014). Several studies have indicated that fresh feeds (e.g., clam, squid, polychaetes, Artemia) can promote a successful reproductive performance of shrimp broodstock. However, fresh feeds also present several disadvantages such as an increased risk of disease transmission, variable nutritional quality, unpredictable supply and the potential to cause deterioration of water quality in hatchery culture systems (Harrison, 1990; Harrison, 1997). The use of commercial diets is advantageous because they are easier to manage and store as well as present a lower risk of pathogenic contamination (Meunpol et al., 2005; Wouters et al., 2002). However, the lack of clearly defined nutritional requirements for black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon broodstock presents a knowledge gap for adequate diet formulation and, thus far, results have been unsatisfactory when compared with fresh feeds (Meunpol et al., 2005; Wouters et al., 2002).

The present study aims to assess the potential of various feeds for maturation to induce multiple spawning events in the fleshy shrimp within their short spawning period by comparing the hematological response and the ovary re-maturation in shrimp fed with different experimental feeds including manufactured diets consisting of dried polychaetes, squid, and clam ingredients, a fresh animal diet, and a commercial maturation diet.

Materials and Methods

The experiment to evaluate the effects of diet on the ovary re-maturation of fleshy shrimp lasted 15 days. Five diets were used: fresh food which consisted of Pacific flying squid Todarodes pacificus, Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum, air-dried marine polychaetes (Nereis virens, Delta Farms, Netherlands), commercial diet (Breed-S, INVE Aquaculture, Belgium) and three manufactured diets (unpublished data). Proximate composition (moisture, crude protein, crude lipid and crude ash) of the diets were determined through the standard methods of AOAC (1995). The analyzed content is presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Proximate composition of the fresh feed ingredients
Proximate composition P S C
Moisture 7.99 ± 0.01a 5.74 ± 0.20b 7.14 ± 0.33c
Crude protein 62.8 ± 0.22a 73.1 ± 0.98b 86.6 ± 0.47c
Crude lipid 7.31 ± 0.09a 3.70 ± 0.05b 5.14 ± 0.12c
Crude ash 18.6 ± 0.08a 10.1 ± 0.00b 12.9 ± 0.00c

Values with different letters differ significantly (p < 0.05).

P, polychaetes; S, squid; C, clam.

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The fleshy shrimp broodstocks (mean body weight 89.2 ± 10.3 g, mean body length 24.6 ± 0.9 cm, Carapace length 5.4 ± 0.3 cm, gonad somatic index [GSI] 17.9 ± 1.38%) were collected from Narodo offshore and transferred to the laboratory. During a 4-day acclimation period, all the shrimp were fed the polychaetes diet. At the beginning of the experiment, 10 individuals were randomly distributed into 15 tanks (250 L aquarium). Each tank was randomly allocated to each dietary treatments in triplicates. Shrimp were fed three times a day (10:00, 18:00, and 24:00) using feeding trays. Leftover feed was removed before next feeding. Continuous aeration was provided to maintain a dissolved oxygen level of 7.0 mg/L, and the water temperature was maintained at 20 ± 1°C. The natural photoperiod was provided through the window. Water quality management was performed through 50% to 80% water exchange using reserve tanks.

Morphological analysis

The final body weight was measured to the nearest 0.1 g using a digital electronic balance. The GSI was recorded for morphological analysis according to the methods of Hidir et al. (2018) by weighing the ovary tissue and the total body weight of each shrimp.

Biochemical analyses

The hemolymph of five shrimp selected from each tank was sampled using a 1 mL syringe coated with an anticoagulant solution. The serum was centrifuged at 1,000×g 4°C for 10 min and then the plasma supernatant was collected without disturbing the hamocyte and frozen at –80°C until analysis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Total lipid was analyzed using a lipid assay kit (Abcam, England) according to the manufacturer’s manual. Total protein, glucose and cholesterol were analyzed by an enzyme activity-based clinical kit (Asan Pharm). Hemocyanin (mmol/L) concentrations were determined from10 μL of hemolymph diluted in 990 μL of distilled water in a quartz cuvette. Absorbance at 350 nm was measured with a spectrophotometer (Bio-Rad), manually calibrated with distilled water (Gómez Bonilla et al., 2012). The final concentration was determined according to Chen & Cheng (1993) using the coefficient of extinction of hemocyanin (17.26) and factor of dilution.

Histological analysis

The histological study was done based on the standard histological procedure from Mumford (2004). Ten shrimp sampled from each treatment were dissected and the parts of the ovaries tissues were fixed in Davidson’s fixative solution. Routine thin section paraffin histology was performed at 5 μm thickness on a microtome and attached to a slide using Mayer’s albumin. Each of the sections was then dewaxed, dehydrated, and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. The slides containing these sections were then mounted with dibutylphthalate polystyrene xylene to be observed under an advanced research microscope (Carl Zeiss Z1, Oberkochen, Germany) together with AxioVision Imaging Software. The histological assessment of ovary indicated the presence of four different stages the previtellogenesis, growing stage, maturation and spawning stages.

Statistical analyses

Results from the feeding trial were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using a statistical software package called Statistic (version 3.1, Analytical Software, Heidelberg, Germany) to test effects of the dietary treatments. When a significant treatment effect was observed, the least significant difference test was used to compare means. Significant difference among the treatments was considered at α = 0.05.

Results and Discussion

Proximate analyses of the manufactured and commercial diets ingredients showed that moisture, crude protein, crude lipid, and crude ash contents were significantly different between the diet treatments. A comparison with the proximate composition of fresh feed ingredients–polychaetes (P), squid (S), and clam (C) (Table 1) revealed that the fresh ingredients had a higher protein and a lower lipid level compared to the commercial diet (Table 2).

Table 2. Proximate composition of experimental diets ingredients
P + S P + C P + S + C Commercial feed
Moisture 16.88 ± 0.09a 15.80 ± 0.16b 18.16 ± 0.18c 30.0 ± 0.00d
Crude protein 46.60 ± 0.03a 43.57 ± 0.67b 44.94 ± 0.15b 41.7 ± 0.23c
Crude lipid 11.71 ± 0.49a 12.73 ± 0.12b 13.62 ± 0.48c 10.2 ± 0.18d
Crude ash 11.89 ± 0.51a 11.61 ± 0.19b 11.43 ± 0.18b 7.59 ± 0.02c

Values with different letters differ significantly (p < 0.05).

P, polychaetes; S, squid; C, clam.

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The 15-day feeding trial in which the fleshy shrimp were fed with different maturation diets revealed that the experimental animals had a similarly high preference for the manufactured and fresh diets (both 100% consumed), but a lower preference for the commercial diet (50%–75% consumed). As semi-moist diet, the commercial feed crumbles more easily in water than dry diets, and the commercial feed treatment required daily 8 times of water exchange during the experiment. The other treatments received only twice a day of water exchange with no water quality issue.

At the end of the experiment, the GSI was the highest in the fresh diet group at 4.3%; the spawning volume in the manufactured diet of P + S at 134,000; and the hatching rate-the percentage of fertilized eggs that develop into nauplius was significantly lower in the manufactured diet of P + C (Table 3). Cahu et al. (1994) and Cavalli et al. (2000) reported a higher frequency of spawns with higher dietary levels of phospholipid.

Table 3. GSI, spawning egg and hatching rate obtained by different experimental diets
Factors Manufactured feed Commercial feed Mix of animal feed
P + S P + C P + S + C
Body weight (g) 71.9 ± 10.27a 80.9 ± 9.10a 78.6 ± 11.66a 81.5 ± 9.17a 78.98 ± 11.07a
GSI (%) 3.3 ± 0.01a 3.5 ± 0.02a 2.6 ± 0.01a 2.9 ± 0.01a 4.3 ± 0.02a
Spawning egg (number/ind.) 134,752 ± 130,559a 63,333 ± 42,950ab 35,559 ± 27,497ab 57,916 ± 6,866ab 26,970 ± 16,043b
Hatching rate (%) 34.13 ± 0.62ab 23.81 ± 5.08a 44.44 ± 1.73ab 50.00 ± 9.90b 37.50 ± 1.06ab

Values with different letters differ significantly (p < 0.05).

GSI, gonad somatic index; P, polychaetes; S, squid; C, clam.

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In this study, hemocyanin, glucose, cholesterol were not significantly different between the treatments. But the total lipid was significantly higher in the P + C and P + S + C groups than the other experimental groups (Table 4). Several authors have reported a decrease in total lipids in the hepatopancreas and hemolymph during maturation, and assume they are transferred to the ovary (Castille & Lawrence, 1989; Millamena & Pascual, 1990). Palacios et al. (2000) reported that the ovary may need to reach a certain level of reserves to mature and spawn. If these levels are not reached, instead of spawning, the ovary may enter a reabsorption phase. The high total lipid levels in P + C and P + C + S groups were expected that multiple spawns (Table 4).

Table 4. Means of hamocyanin, total protein, total lipid, glucose and cholesterol concentrations in haemolymph of shrimp fed with different experimental diets
Factors Manufactured feed Commercial feed Mix of animal feed
P + S P + C P + S + C
Hemocyanin (mmol/L) 1.29 ± 0.031a 1.29 ± 0.018a 1.29 ± 0.043a 1.27 ± 0.0170a 1.28 ± 0.030a
Total protein (g/dL) 10.59 ± 1.60a 12.01 ± 1.36ab 11.76 ± 0.97ab 12.63 ± 0.45ab 13.32 ± 1.85b
Total lipid (mg/dL) 43.86 ± 1.467a 71.99 ± 8.312b 70.71 ± 7.251b 41.69 ± 6.586a 26.64 ± 9.157a
Glucose (mg/dL) 742.65 ± 9.10a 717.58 ± 26.16a 740.15 ± 20.86a 732.63 ± 33.70a 739.15 ± 29.92a
Cholesterol (mg/dL) 18.88 ± 1.57a 20.11 ± 2.40a 21.57 ± 2.39a 18.96 ± 1.05a 20.10 ± 2.85a

Values with different letters differ significantly (p < 0.05).

P, polychaetes; S, squid; C, clam.

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The histology analysis revealed three different stages of growing stage, maturation and spawning stages, each of which is characterized in Fig. 1. The growing stage in Fig. 1G generates yolk granules within vesicles of the cytoplasm with the yolk starting to accumulate. The maturation stage in Figs. 1A, 1C, 1E, 1H, and 1J, shows developing oocytes and a number of yolk granules concentrated in the cytoplasm. The stage initially exhibits a row of cortical alveoli along with the oocyte membrane, which are gradually expanded into two to three rows and occupy the most cytoplasm (matured egg diameter: 100–150 μm). In the spawning stage shown in Figs. 1B, 1D, 1F, 1I, and 1K, egg capsules consisting thin layers of connective tissue are identified and numerous oogonia are generated from germinal epithelium (ooctye diameter: 15–20 μm). According to the ovary histology analysis, the ovaries of the P + S treatment were in the most advanced stage of spawning and those of the P + C and P + S + C groups were in the maturation stage (Table 5 and Fig. 1). The ovaries of the commercial feed group were in the growing stage, indicating a slower re-maturation compared to the other treatments. This result is assumed to be associated with the lower utilization (preference) of the commercial diet by shrimp. The lower preference for the commercial feed led to a poorer nutrition in the shrimp affecting on the ovary maturation length.

fas-25-12-619-g1
Fig. 1. Gonad development of female fleshy shrimp Penaeus chinensis fed different kinds of diets (P + S, P + C, P + S + C, CF, MAF; ×100). A: P + S (maturation stage), B: P + S (spawning stage), C: P + C (maturation stage), D: P + C (spawning stage), E: P + S + C (maturation stage), F: P + S + C (spawning stage), G: CF (growing stage), H: CF (maturation stage), I: CF (spawning stage), J: MAF (maturation stage), K: MAF (spawning stage). N, nuclear; Oc, oocyte; Og, oogonia; Yg, yolk granule; Yv, yolk vesicle; P, polychaetes; S, squid; C, clam; CF, commercial feed; MAF, mix of animal feed.
Download Original Figure
Table 5. Histological analysis of ovary from the four different diet groups
Stages Manufactured feed Commercial feed Mix of animal feed
P + S P + C P + S + C
Previtellogenesis - - - - -
Growing stage 20
Maturation stage 40 60 60 40 40
Spawning stage 60 40 40 40 60

P, polychaetes; S, squid; C, clam.

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Continuous forced reproduction has been suggested to produce exhaustion of the female reserves because of insufficient time between spawning to allow the shrimps to accumulate sufficient nutrients (Aquacop, 1977; Beard & Wickins, 1980; Browdy, 1992; Harrison, 1990; Primavera, 1984). If this is true, females with multiple spawning would be expected to have diminished reserves, especially in the ovary, and as a consequence, to have an inadequate maturation process. If a female with diminished reserves is forced to mature, it may produce eggs of lower quality. It has been reported the first spawning of a female is the best in terms of fecundity, fertilization, hatching, and metamorphosis rates (Beard & Wickins, 1980; Braga et al., 2010; Bray et al., 1990; Emmerson, 1980; Marsden et al., 1997; Palacios et al., 1998).

Conclusion

The fleshy shrimp live one year from the hatching in June to the spawning in next May to June (Lee et al., 2012). The spawning comes about one month earlier than that of Shiba shrimp Metapenaeus joyneri, Southern rough shrimp Trachypenaeus curvirostris, and Kishi velvet shrimp Metapenaeopsis dalei and lasts only about one month (Cha et al., 1997; Choi, 2001).

The combined results of the hematological and histological analyses of the experimental shrimp showed that the manufactured, fresh, and commercial diets were all effective for shrimp re-maturation indicating a great potential of multiple spawning depending on the availability of maturation feeding during the main spawning period. It is expected that the manufactured maturation diets could replace fresh feed for a more effective management of water quality and disease control. It is also expected that further research on early maturation and multiple spawning using the manufactured diets would contribute to developing a shrimp culture technique for early seedling production and shrimp domestication.

Competing interests

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Funding sources

This resrarch was financially supported by the National Institute of Fisheries Sciences (R2022014). This study was carried out with the support of Mariculture technology development using biofloc (R2022014).

Acknowledgements

This study was carried out with support of Mariculture Technology Development Using Biofloc (R2022014) of National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS). The authors are grateful to the staff of Taean Aquaculture Research Center of West Sea Fisheries Institute of NIFS and Prof. Jaewon Kim for their help with this study.

Availability of data and materials

Upon reasonable request, the datasets of this study can be available from the corresponding author.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This article does not require IRB/IACUC approval because there are no human and animal participants.

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